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In a 12-lead ECG, all leads except the limb leads are assumed to be unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V 1, V 2, V 3, V 4, V 5, and V 6). The measurement of a voltage requires two contacts and so, electrically, the unipolar leads are measured from the common lead (negative) and the unipolar lead (positive).
If the arm electrodes are reversed, lead I changes polarity, causing lead II and lead III to switch. If the right arm electrode is reversed with the leg's electrode, lead II changes polarity, causing lead I to become lead III, and vice versa. Reversal of the left arm and leg causes a change in polarity of lead III and switching of leads I and ...
This helps to prevent ventricular channel oversensing of atrial output. Newer dual chamber pacemakers also use bipolar leads with a smaller pacing spike, and steroid eluting leads with lower pacing thresholds. Crosstalk is more common in unipolar systems since they require a larger pacing spike.
Though a bipolar stepper motor is more complicated to drive, the abundance of driver chips means this is much less difficult to achieve. An 8-lead stepper is like a unipolar stepper, but the leads are not joined to common internally to the motor. This kind of motor can be wired in several configurations: Unipolar. Bipolar with series windings.
[2] [3] Since the human body is a three-dimensional structure, the basic idea is to construct three orthogonal leads containing all the electric information. The three leads are represented by right-left axis (X), head-to-feet axis (Y) and front-back (anteroposterior) axis (Z).
Bipolar disorder is a long-term mood disorder characterized by major fluctuations in mood — both high and low — that can impact daily functioning and behavior. ... lead to psychosis that ...
The use of the bipolar option does not require the placement of a return electrode because the current only passes between tines of the forceps or other bipolar output device. Electrosurgery should only be performed by a physician who has received specific training in this field and who is familiar with the techniques used to prevent burns.
The primary coil is connected to the 2 axial leads out either side, and the high voltage is delivered through the smaller lead, and one of the primary leads. Trigger transformer cores may be utilized in a unipolar (electromagnetic flux strictly positive or negative) or bipolar (swinging between positive and negative) manner. Applications also ...
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