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With the waning of the Space Race, concluded by cooperation in human spaceflight, focus shifted in the 1970s further to space exploration and telerobotics, having a range of achievements and technological advances. [72] Space exploration meant by then also an engagement by governments in the search for extraterrestrial life.
The period between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first launch into space of SpaceShipTwo Flight VP-03 on 13 December 2018 is similar to the gap between the end of Apollo in 1975 and the first Space Shuttle flight in 1981, and is referred to by a presidential Blue Ribbon Committee as the U.S. human spaceflight gap.
Space exploration also gives scientists the ability to perform experiments in other settings and expand humanity's knowledge. [67] Another claim is that space exploration is a necessity to humankind and that staying on Earth will eventually lead to extinction. Some of the reasons are lack of natural resources, comets, nuclear war, and worldwide ...
Logo of the Augustine Committee. The Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee, better known as the HSF Committee, Augustine Commission, or Augustine Committee, was a group convened by NASA at the request of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), to review the nation's human spaceflight plans to ensure "a vigorous and sustainable path to achieving its boldest ...
First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard). First human-crewed suborbital flight. USA Freedom 7: 19 May 1961: First planetary flyby (within 100,000 km of Venus – no data returned). USSR Venera 1: 6 August 1961: First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours by Gherman Titov, who is also the first to suffer from space sickness ...
Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea ...
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program conducted by NASA. It operated between Projects Mercury and Apollo, with 10 crewed flights occurring in 1965 and 1966. Its objective was to develop techniques for advanced space travel, notably those necessary for Project Apollo, whose objective was to land humans on the Moon.
Space colonization has been seen as a relief to the problem of human overpopulation as early as 1758, [87] and listed as one of Stephen Hawking's reasons for pursuing space exploration. [88] Critics note, however, that a slowdown in population growth rates since the 1980s has alleviated the risk of overpopulation. [87]