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Junctional rhythms can present with either bradycardia, a normal heart rate, or tachycardia. [9] The most obvious abnormal finding will be abnormal P waves. One of three options can occur: [12] 1. There are no P waves. This is because of either failure of retrograde flow to the atria or the P wave is hidden in the QRS.
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath , excessive fatigue , and bilateral leg swelling . [ 3 ]
Heart failure: One of the most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart failure. In heart failure, the heart muscle weakens, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pump blood efficiently throughout the body. Blood clots: If clots enter the bloodstream, they can block ...
Congestive heart failure affects millions of people around the world and since it means that the body’s needs are not being met, it can ultimately lead to death. Part of the reason why so many people are affected by heart failure, is that there are a wide variety of heart diseases like ischemia and valvular disease that can impair the heart ...
For this reason, when determining the heart rate in AF, direct cardiac auscultation is recommended. Low blood pressure is most concerning, and a sign that immediate treatment is required. Many of the symptoms associated with uncontrolled atrial fibrillation are a manifestation of congestive heart failure due to the reduced cardiac output.
These include hypotension, cardiogenic shock, syncope, evidence of right heart dysfunction, and elevated cardiac enzymes. [38] Some ECG changes including S1Q3T3 also correlate with a worse short-term prognosis. [24] There have been other patient-related factors such as COPD and chronic heart failure thought to also play a role in prognosis. [38]
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