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  2. Mean log deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_log_deviation

    The MLD of household income has been defined as [1] = = ⁡ ¯ where N is the number of households, is the income of household i, and ¯ is the mean of .Naturally the same formula can be used for positive variables other than income and for units of observation other than households.

  3. Category:Taxes (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxes_(biology)

    The article for this category is taxis (plural taxes, ... Pages in category "Taxes (biology)" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total.

  4. Regressive tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regressive_tax

    Brazil uses a regressive tax system. Those who earn up to twice the minimum wage spend 48.8% of their income on taxes, while the families with income higher than 30 times the minimum wage pay only 26.3% of their income on taxes. [49] Brazil has a huge gap between the poor and the rich. Regressive taxation only widens this gap.

  5. Taxis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis

    Taxes are classified based on the type of stimulus, and on whether the organism's response is to move towards or away from the stimulus. If the organism moves towards the stimulus the taxis are positive, while if it moves away the taxis are negative. For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source.

  6. Net output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_output

    Included in this total is the productive activity of government agencies and certain income-generating activities of households. Usually the term "net output" is used to refer to the contribution which a particular economic sector (for example, agriculture, manufacturing, business services etc.) makes to total value added or GDP during a ...

  7. Proportional tax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_tax

    The income tax rate itself is proportional, with people with higher incomes paying more tax but at the same rate. If a consumption tax is to be related to income, the unspent income can be treated as tax-deferred (spending savings at a later point in time), at which time it is taxed creating a proportional rate using an income base.

  8. Haig–Simons income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haig–Simons_income

    Haig–Simons income or Schanz–Haig–Simons income is an income measure used by public finance economists to analyze economic well-being which defines income as consumption plus change in net worth. [1] [2] It is represented by the mathematical formula: I = C + ΔNW. where C = consumption and ΔNW = change in net worth.

  9. Circular flow of income - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_flow_of_income

    An example of a tax collected by the government as a leakage is income tax, and an injection into the economy can be when the government redistributes this income in the form of welfare payments, that is a form of government spending back into the economy.