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Ellis Horowitz - Fundamentals of Computer Algorithms; Eric Raymond - The Art of Unix Programming; Gerald M. Weinberg - The Psychology of Computer Programming; James Gosling - The Java Programming Language; Joel Spolsky - The Best Software Writing I; Keith Curtis - After the Software Wars; Richard M. Stallman - Free Software, Free Society
The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine.While building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e., the stored-program concept.
The implementation of the language's execution model tracks which operations are free to execute and chooses the order independently. More at Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages. In object-oriented programming, code is organized into objects that contain state that is owned by and (usually) controlled by the code of the object ...
The first volume of ‘The Art of Computer Programming’, ‘Fundamental Algorithms’, took five years to complete between 1963 and 1968 while working at both Caltech and Burroughs. Knuth's dedication in Volume 1 reads: This series of books is affectionately dedicated to the Type 650 computer once installed at Case Institute of Technology,
Because computer parts contain hazardous materials, there is a growing movement to recycle old and outdated parts. [66] Computer hardware contain dangerous chemicals such as lead, mercury, nickel, and cadmium. According to the EPA these e-wastes have a harmful effect on the environment unless they are disposed of properly.
Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and software engineering, especially within the object-oriented programming paradigm. [3] Examples of this include: the usage of abstract data types to separate usage from working representations of data within programs; [4]
Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) circuit of the Leprechaun computer. Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) is similar to resistor–transistor logic (RTL), but the input transistor bases are connected directly to the collector outputs without any base resistors.
Programming language – formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.