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Protein skimming removes certain organic compounds, including proteins and amino acids found in food particles and fish waste, by using the polarity of the protein itself. . Due to their intrinsic charge, water-borne proteins are either repelled or attracted by the air–water interface and these molecules can be described as hydrophobic (such as fats or oils) or hydrophilic (such as salt ...
Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution using rising columns of foam.It is commonly used, albeit on a small scale, for the removal of organic waste from aquariums; these units are known as "protein skimmers".
Processes similar to continuous foam separation have been commonly used for decades. Protein skimmers are one example of foam separation used in saltwater aquariums. The earliest documents pertaining to foam separation is dated back to 1959, when Robert Schnepf and Elmer Gaden, Jr. studied the effects of pH and concentration on the separation of bovine serum albumin from solution. [2]
Diagram of cross-flow filtration. In chemical engineering, biochemical engineering and protein purification, cross-flow filtration [1] (also known as tangential flow filtration [2]) is a type of filtration (a particular unit operation).
It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible.In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (cooking oil, chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and form a two-phase system.
Note that the quantity R 3 is different from R 3 , and that the statement that R goes as t 1/3 relies on R 0 being zero; but because nucleation is a separate process from growth, this places R 0 outside the bounds of validity of the equation.
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A schematic diagram of an undergravel filter run by both an air displacement and water pump (powerhead) One of the oldest types of filters, the undergravel filters consist of a porous plate which is placed beneath the gravel on the base of the aquarium and one, or more, uplift tubes.