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PDP-11 processor speed varies by model, memory configuration, op code, and addressing modes. Instruction timings have up to three components, fetch/execute of the instruction itself and access time for the source and the destination. The last two components depend on the addressing mode.
Skip addressing may be considered a special kind of PC-relative addressing mode with a fixed "+1" offset. Like PC-relative addressing, some CPUs have versions of this addressing mode that only refer to one register ("skip if reg1=0") or no registers, implicitly referring to some previously-set bit in the status register. Other CPUs have a ...
Most operands can apply any of eight addressing modes to eight registers. The addressing modes provide register, immediate, absolute, relative, deferred (indirect), and indexed addressing, and can specify autoincrementation and autodecrementation of a register by one (byte instructions) or two (word instructions). Use of relative addressing ...
CISC ISAs like x86-64 offer low register pressure despite having smaller register sets. This is due to the many addressing modes and optimizations (such as sub-register addressing, memory operands in ALU instructions, absolute addressing, PC-relative addressing, and register-to-register spills) that CISC ISAs offer. [13]
To address this, the 6809 filled out its instruction opcodes so that there were more instances of relative addressing where possible. [ 12 ] : 1.2 As an example, the 6800 includes a direct addressing mode used to make code smaller and faster; instead of a memory address having 16-bits and thus requiring two bytes to store, direct addresses are ...
Format 4: Only valid on SIC/XE machines, consists of the same elements as format 3, but instead of a 12-bit displacement, stores a 20-bit address. Both format 3 and format 4 have six-bit flag values in them, consisting of the following flag bits: n: Indirect addressing flag; i: Immediate addressing flag; x: Indexed addressing flag
In contrast to the PDP-11's 3-bit fields, the VAX-11's 4-bit sub-bytes resulted in 16 addressing modes (0–15). However, addressing modes 0–3 were "short immediate" for immediate data of 6 bits or less (the 2 low-order bits of the addressing mode being the 2 high-order bits of the immediate data, when prepended to the remaining 4 bits in ...
A computer program can access an address given explicitly – in low-level programming this is usually called an absolute address, or sometimes a specific address, and is known as pointer data type in higher-level languages. But a program can also use relative address which specifies a location in relation to somewhere else (the base address).