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A pavement management system (PMS) is a planning tool used to aid pavement management decisions. PMS software programs model future pavement deterioration due to traffic and weather, and recommend maintenance and repairs to the road's pavement based on the type and age of the pavement and various measures of existing pavement quality.
These roads have the same base layer as gravel roads but are covered with a thin layer of bitumen to reduce maintenance cost and dust formation. 25,710 kilometres (15,980 mi) standard gravel road, covered with imported gravel. 11,460 kilometres (7,120 mi) earth-graded road. These roads are built by clearing the vegetation and blading the surface.
A gravel road is a type of unpaved road surfaced with gravel that has been brought to the site from a quarry or stream bed. Gravel roads are common in less-developed nations, and also in the rural areas of developed nations such as Canada and the United States .
Washboarding effect on a road. Washboarding or corrugation [1] is the formation of periodic, transverse ripples in the surface of gravel and dirt roads.Washboarding occurs in dry, granular road material [2] with repeated traffic, traveling at speeds above 8.0 kilometres per hour (5 mph). [3]
In 1905 there were 68,000 mi (110,000 km) of roads in Michigan. Of these roads, only 7,700 mi (12,000 km) were improved with gravel and 245 mi (394 km) were macadam. The state's "statute labor system" was abolished in 1907. Under that system, a farmer and a team of horses could work on road improvements in place of paying road taxes.
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