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The classic Anselmian formulation of the satisfaction view should be distinguished from penal substitution. Both are forms of satisfaction theory in that they speak of how Christ's death was satisfactory, but penal substitution and Anselmian satisfaction offer different understandings of how Christ's death was satisfactory. Anselm speaks of ...
Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is the idea that Jesus died "for us". [1] There is also a less technical use of the term "substitution" in discussion about atonement when it is used in "the sense that [Jesus, through his death,] did for us that which we can never do for ourselves".
Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
The governmental theory arose in opposition to Socinianism. [1] [5] Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) wrote Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi (1617) [Defense of the universal faith on the satisfaction rendered by Christ], in which he utilized semantics drawn from his training in law and his general view of God as moral governor (ruler) of the universe.
The moral influence theory was developed, or most notably propagated, by Abelard (1079–1142), [1] [2] [note 1] as an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory. [ 1 ] Abelard not only rejected the idea of Jesus' death as a ransom paid to the devil, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] which turned the Devil into a rival god, [ 2 ] but also objected to the idea that ...
The phrase 'vicarious atonement' is sometimes used as a synonym for penal substitution, and is also sometimes used to describe other, non-penal substitutionary, theories of atonement. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Care needs to be taken to understand what is being referred to by the various terms used in different contexts.
In his book, Aulén identifies three main types of atonement theories: [8] [9] The earliest was what Aulén called the "classic" view of the atonement, more commonly known as the ransom theory, or since Aulén's work, it is known sometimes as the "Christus Victor" theory: this is the theory that Adam and Eve made humanity subject to the Devil during the fall, and that God, in order to redeem ...
Anselm himself went on to explicate the satisfaction view of atonement, now espoused by the Roman Catholic Church. Presently the "ransom-to-Satan" view of atonement, literally interpreted, is not widely accepted in the West, except by some Anabaptist peace churches and a few figures in the Word of Faith movement, such as Kenneth Copeland .