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Wireless network cards for computers require control software to make them function (firmware, device drivers). This is a list of the status of some open-source drivers for 802.11 wireless network cards. Location of the network device drivers in a simplified structure of the Linux kernel.
A wireless network interface controller may be implemented as an expansion card and connected using PCI bus or PCIe bus, or connected via USB, PC Card, ExpressCard, Mini PCIe or M.2. The low cost and ubiquity of the Wi-Fi standard means that many newer mobile computers have a wireless network interface built into the motherboard.
Wi-Fi 6, or IEEE 802.11ax, is an IEEE standard from the Wi-Fi Alliance, for wireless networks . It operates in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, [ 9 ] with an extended version, Wi-Fi 6E , that adds the 6 GHz band. [ 10 ]
NDIS Miniport drivers can also use Windows Driver Model interfaces to control network hardware. [19] Another driver type is NDIS Intermediate Driver. Intermediate drivers sit in-between the MAC and IP layers and can control all traffic being accepted by the NIC. In practice, intermediate drivers implement both miniport and protocol interfaces.
The Raspberry Pi Zero v1.3 was released in May 2016, which added a camera connector. [40] The Raspberry Pi Zero W was launched in February 2017, a version of the Zero with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, for US$10. [41] [42] The Raspberry Pi Zero WH was launched in January 2018, a version of the Zero W with pre-soldered GPIO headers. [43]
These include design flaws in the Wi-Fi standard, affecting most devices, and programming errors in Wi-Fi products, making almost all Wi-Fi products vulnerable. The vulnerabilities impact all Wi-Fi security protocols, including WPA3 and WEP. Exploiting these flaws is complex but programming errors in Wi-Fi products are easier to exploit.
IEEE 802.11ah is a wireless networking protocol published in 2017 [1] called Wi-Fi HaLow [2] [3] [4] (/ ˈ h eɪ ˌ l oʊ /) as an amendment of the IEEE 802.11-2007 wireless networking standard. It uses 900 MHz license-exempt bands to provide extended-range Wi-Fi networks, compared to conventional Wi-Fi networks operating in the 2.4 GHz , 5 GHz ...
It may also be necessary to configure the computer to reserve standby power for the network card when the system is shut down. With older motherboards, if the network interface is a plug-in card rather than being integrated into the motherboard there may be a header onboard connected to the network card via a special three-pin cable the card.