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Firearm muzzle velocities range from approximately 120 m/s (390 ft/s) to 370 m/s (1,200 ft/s) in black powder muskets, [3] to more than 1,200 m/s (3,900 ft/s) [4] in modern rifles with high-velocity cartridges such as the .220 Swift and .204 Ruger, all the way to 1,700 m/s (5,600 ft/s) [5] for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition.
Bullets used in many cartridges are fired at muzzle velocities faster than the speed of sound [10] [11] —about 343 metres per second (1,130 ft/s) in dry air at 20 °C (68 °F)—and thus can travel substantial distances to their targets before any nearby observers hear the sound of the shots.
The 6 mm and 6.5 mm cartridges are probably the most well known for having high BCs and are often used in long range target matches of 300 m (328 yd) – 1,000 m (1,094 yd). The 6 and 6.5 have relatively light recoil compared to high BC bullets of greater caliber and tend to be shot by the winner in matches where accuracy is key.
Let m b and v b stand for the mass and velocity of the bullet, the latter just before hitting the target, and let m t and v t stand for the mass and velocity of the target after being hit. Conservation of momentum requires m b v b = m t v t. Solving for the target's velocity gives v t = m b v b / m t = 0.016 kg × 360 m/s / 77 kg = 0.07 m/s = 0 ...
= 8.4 6 × 10 −5 m/s foot per minute: fpm ≡ 1 ft/min = 5.08 × 10 −3 m/s: foot per second: fps ≡ 1 ft/s = 3.048 × 10 −1 m/s: furlong per fortnight: ≡ furlong/fortnight ≈ 1.663 095 × 10 −4 m/s: inch per hour: iph ≡ 1 in/h = 7.0 5 × 10 −6 m/s inch per minute: ipm ≡ 1 in/min = 4.2 3 × 10 −4 m/s inch per second: ips ≡ ...
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2 × 10 −18 m/s and 3.0 × 10 8 m/s (the speed of light). Values in bold are exact.
Subsonic loads for 9×19mm Parabellum commonly use 9.5 g (147 gr) bullets at velocities of 300 m/s (980 ft/s). For these ammunition loads, balancing bullet weight and velocity are required to ensure that the ammunition will still reliably cycle semi-automatic firearms. Subsonic ammunition with normal bullet weights often fails to function ...
For handgun cartridges, with heavy bullets and light powder charges (a 9×19mm, for example, might use 5 grains (320 mg) of powder, and a 115 grains (7.5 g) bullet), the powder recoil is not a significant force; for a rifle cartridge (a .22-250 Remington, using 40 grains (2.6 g) of powder and a 40 grains (2.6 g) bullet), the powder can be the ...