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Simple payoff diagrams of the four types of ladder. In finance, a ladder, also known as a Christmas tree, is a combination of three options of the same type (all calls or all puts) at three different strike prices. [1] A long ladder is used by traders who expect low volatility, while a short ladder is used by traders who expect high volatility.
The technique applied then, is (1) to generate a large number of possible, but random, price paths for the underlying (or underlyings) via simulation, and (2) to then calculate the associated exercise value (i.e. "payoff") of the option for each path. (3) These payoffs are then averaged and (4) discounted to today.
The term originates from the trading sheets that were used in the open outcry pits on which option prices were listed out by expiry date & strike price, thus looking down the sheet (vertical) the trader would see all options of the same maturity. Vertical spreads can sometimes approximate binary options, and can be produced using vanilla options.
The payoff of the option, repriced under this change of numeraire, is max(0, S 1 (T)/S 2 (T) - 1). So the original option has become a call option on the first asset (with its numeraire pricing) with a strike of 1 unit of the riskless asset. Note the dividend rate q 1 of the first asset remains the same even with change of pricing.
An iron butterfly recreates the payoff diagram of a butterfly, but with a combination of two calls and two puts. The option strategy where the middle options (the body) have different strike prices is known as a Condor.
In finance, a price (premium) is paid or received for purchasing or selling options.This article discusses the calculation of this premium in general. For further detail, see: Mathematical finance § Derivatives pricing: the Q world for discussion of the mathematics; Financial engineering for the implementation; as well as Financial modeling § Quantitative finance generally.
Profit diagram of a box spread. It is a combination of positions with a riskless payoff. In options trading, a box spread is a combination of positions that has a certain (i.e., riskless) payoff, considered to be simply "delta neutral interest rate position".
In finance, a spread option is a type of option where the payoff is based on the difference in price between two underlying assets. For example, the two assets could be crude oil and heating oil; trading such an option might be of interest to oil refineries, whose profits are a function of the difference between these two prices.