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Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant (APCP) is a solid rocket propellant. It differs from many traditional solid rocket propellants such as black powder or zinc-sulfur , not only in chemical composition and overall performance but also by being cast into shape, as opposed to powder pressing as with black powder.
Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula NH 4 ClO 4.It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer.Combined with a fuel, it can be used as a rocket propellant called ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.
Sugar based rocket propellants have an average I sp (specific impulse) of between 114 and 130 seconds. Compare that to the average I sp of an APCP (Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant), which is 180 to 260 seconds. Sorbitol and KNO 3 based propellants with a typical 35:65 ratio are capable of an I sp of between 110 and 125 seconds.
Solid fuel rockets have lower specific impulse, a measure of propellant efficiency, than liquid fuel rockets. As a result, the overall performance of solid upper stages is less than liquid stages even though the solid mass ratios are usually in the .91 to .93 range, as good as or better than most liquid propellant upper stages.
Ammonium nitrate composite propellant often uses magnesium and/or aluminium as fuel and delivers medium performance (I sp of about 210 s (2.1 km/s)) whereas ammonium perchlorate composite propellant often uses aluminium fuel and delivers high performance: vacuum I sp up to 296 s (2.90 km/s) with a single-piece nozzle or 304 s (2.98 km/s) with a ...
Double-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives added. Stabilizers and other additives are also used. Nitroglycerin reduces smoke and increases the energy output. Double-based fuel/propellants are used in small arms, cannons, mortars and rockets. Triple-based fuel/propellant
Perchlorate, a chemical found in rocket fuel, has contaminated water and food and is more likely to be found in food given to babies and children, a study from Consumer Reports found.
Ammonium perchlorate – the most common oxidizer for modern solid rocket fuels; more sensitive to mechanical stimuli than potassium perchlorate. Uncommon in fireworks; creates hot flame, enhances barium, strontium and copper colorants by acting as a chlorine donor.