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In a major injury, if epithelial cell migration and tissue contraction cannot cover the wound, suturing the edges of the injured skin together, or even replacement of lost skin with skin grafts, may be required to restore the skin. As epithelial cells continue to migrate around the scab, the dermis is repaired by the activity of stem cells.
Epithelial cells climb over one another in order to migrate. [42] This growing sheet of epithelial cells is often called the epithelial tongue. [45] The first cells to attach to the basement membrane form the stratum basale. These basal cells continue to migrate across the wound bed, and epithelial cells above them slide along as well. [45]
The surviving epithelial cells, however, undergo migration, dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation to replenish the epithelial lining of the proximal tubule after injury. Recently, the presence and participation of kidney stem cells in the tubular regeneration has been shown.
The existing epithelial cells can replicate, and, using the basement membrane as a guide, eventually bring the kidney back to normal. After regeneration is complete, the damage is undetectable, even microscopically. [citation needed] Healing must happen by repair in the case of injury to cells that are unable to regenerate (e.g. neurons).
In one experiment, T.H. Morgan found that a piece corresponding to 1/279th of a planarian [44] or a fragment with as few as 10,000 cells can successfully regenerate into a new worm within one to two weeks. [47] After amputation, stump cells form a blastema formed from neoblasts, pluripotent cells found throughout the planarian body. [48]
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
Micro-mass cultures of C3H-10T1/2 cells at varied oxygen tensions stained with Alcian blue. A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer [3] and Vacanti, [4] is "an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a ...
Basal cells are the stem cells or progenitors of the airway epithelium and can differentiate to replenish all of the epithelial cells including the ciliated cells, and secretory goblet cells. [2] [3] This repairs the protective functions of the epithelial barrier. [3] Basal cells are cuboidal with a large nucleus, few organelles, and scattered ...
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