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The Harvard Dictionary of Music is a standard music reference book published by the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. The first edition, titled Harvard Dictionary of Music, was published in 1944, and was edited by Willi Apel. The second edition, also edited by Apel, was published in 1969.
The Italian word for "echo"; an effect in which a group of notes is repeated, usually more softly, and perhaps at a different octave, to create an echo effect égal (Fr.) Equal eilend (Ger.) Hurrying ein wenig (Ger.) A little einfach (Ger.) Simple emporté (Fr.) Fiery, impetuous en animant (Fr.) Becoming very lively en cédant (Fr.) Yielding en ...
Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...
Willi Apel (10 October 1893 – 14 March 1988) was a German-American musicologist and noted author of a number of books devoted to music. Among his most important publications are the 1944 edition of The Harvard Dictionary of Music and French Secular Music of the Late Fourteenth Century.
The second definition of period in the New Harvard Dictionary of Music states: "A musical element that is in some way repeated," applying "to the units of any parameter of music that embody repetitions at any level." [15] In some sub-Saharan music and music of the African diaspora, the bell pattern embodies this definition of period. [16]
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan. Irving, John. 2013. "Pre-Romanticism in Music". Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850, 2 vols., edited by Christopher John Murray, 903–904. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45579-8. O'Loghlin, Michael. 2008.
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In other words, the tenuto mark may alter the length of a note at the same time a dynamic mark adjusts its volume. Either way, the tenuto marking indicates that a note should receive some degree of emphasis. [2] [full citation needed] Tenuto is one of the earliest directions to appear in music notation.