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A cognitive distortion is a thought that causes a person to perceive reality inaccurately due to being exaggerated or irrational.Cognitive distortions are involved in the onset or perpetuation of psychopathological states, such as depression and anxiety.
Irrationality is cognition, thinking, talking, or acting without rationality.. Irrationality often has a negative connotation, as thinking and actions that are less useful or more illogical than other more rational alternatives.
Magical thinking – Belief in the connection of unrelated events; Prejudice – Attitudes based on preconceived categories; Presumption of guilt – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime; Rationality – Quality of being agreeable to reason; Systemic bias – Inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes
Irrational behavior can be useful when used tactically in certain conflict, game and escape situations. The moves of an irrational opponent are not (or only very limitedly) predictable. An irrational negotiator cannot be put under rational pressure. [55] An indirect tactic is the rational use of the irrationalism of third parties.
The term is a piece of computer humor entered into the 1981 The Devil's DP Dictionary. [48] Anatidaephobia – the fictional fear that one is being watched by a duck. The word comes from the name of the family Anatidae, and was used in Gary Larson's The Far Side. [49] Anoraknophobia – a portmanteau of "anorak" and "arachnophobia".
The word paranoia comes from the Greek παράνοια (paránoia), "madness", [27] and that from παρά (pará), "beside, by" [28] and νόος (nóos), "mind". [29] The term was used to describe a mental illness in which a delusional belief is the sole or most prominent feature.
The word appeared in the psychological literature in 1982, when the academic journal Social Problems published an article entitled "Pronoia" by Dr. Fred H. Goldner of Queens College in New York City, in which Goldner described a phenomenon opposite to paranoia and provided numerous examples of specific persons who displayed such characteristics: [1] [2]
Escalation of commitment, irrational escalation, or sunk cost fallacy, where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. G. I. Joe fallacy, the tendency to think that knowing about cognitive bias is enough to overcome it. [66]