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English: How crater-depth is measured, using the side-view of a typical crater. Depth "A" measures from the surface to the bottom of the crater. Depth "B" measures from the mean height of the rim to the bottom of the crater.
A diagram of a Subglacial eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) Click for larger version. Subglacial eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption characterized by interactions between lava and ice, often under a glacier.
There have also been examples of interaction between magma and water in an aquifer. Many of the cinder cones on Tenerife are considered to be phreatomagmatic because of these circumstances. [citation needed] The other competing theory is based on fuel-coolant reactions, which have been modeled for nuclear reactors.
The depth of an impact crater in a solid planet or moon may be measured from the local surface to the bottom of the crater, or from the rim of the crater to the bottom. Crater depth diagram. The diagram above shows the full (side) view of a typical crater. Depth "A" measures from the surface to the bottom of the crater.
An impact crater is a depression in the surface of a solid astronomical body formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal collapse, [2] impact craters typically have raised rims and floors that are lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. [3]
A central-peak crater is the most basic form of complex crater. A central-peak crater can have a tightly spaced, ring-like arrangement of peaks, thus be a peak ring crater, though the peak is often single. [3] Central-peak craters can occur in impact craters via meteorites. An Earthly example is Mistastin crater, in Canada. [1]
Profile view of the crater. It was not until 1983 that evidence of a large impact crater was found, buried beneath the lower part of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding peninsulas. The first hint was an 8-inch-thick (20 cm) layer of ejecta found in a drilling core taken off Atlantic City, New Jersey, about 170 miles (274 km) to the north.
crater wall, the downward-sloping portion of the crater crater floor, a more or less smooth, flat area, which as it ages accumulates small craters of its own central peak, found only in some craters with a diameter exceeding 26 km (16 mi); this is generally a splash effect caused by the kinetic energy of the impacting object being turned to ...