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If the sum of the interior angles α and β is less than 180°, the two straight lines, produced indefinitely, meet on that side. In geometry, the parallel postulate, also called Euclid's fifth postulate because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements, is a distinctive axiom in Euclidean geometry.
Absolute geometry is a geometry based on an axiom system consisting of all the axioms giving Euclidean geometry except for the parallel postulate or any of its alternatives. [69] The term was introduced by János Bolyai in 1832. [70] It is sometimes referred to as neutral geometry, [71] as it is neutral with respect to the parallel postulate.
The classical equivalence between Playfair's axiom and Euclid's fifth postulate collapses in the absence of triangle congruence. [18] This is shown by constructing a geometry that redefines angles in a way that respects Hilbert's axioms of incidence, order, and congruence, except for the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) congruence.
An axiom or postulate is a mathematical statement that is taken to be true without need of proof. If a mathematical statement has yet to be proven (or disproven), it is termed a conjecture. Through a series of rigorous arguments employing deductive reasoning, a statement that is proven to be true becomes a theorem.
Aristotle's axiom is an axiom in the foundations of geometry, proposed by Aristotle in On the Heavens that states: If X O Y ^ {\displaystyle {\widehat {\rm {XOY}}}} is an acute angle and AB is any segment, then there exists a point P on the ray O Y → {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {OY}}} and a point Q on the ray O X → {\displaystyle ...
This is a list of notable theorems.Lists of theorems and similar statements include: List of algebras; List of algorithms; List of axioms; List of conjectures