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Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. This deformity is more common in women [citation needed] and people with familial ligamentous laxity. [2] Hyperextension of ...
A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. Above is a foot of a black boy who did not wear shoes, and below is another foot of a white boy. His feet were completely deformed due to wearing tight shoes for a long period of time. Such deformities can include hammer toe, club foot, flat feet, pes cavus, etc.
Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity. Ankle: talipes varus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot). A notable subtype is clubfoot or talipes equinovarus, which is where one or both feet are rotated inwards and downwards. [6] [7]
An example is polydactyly, where a foot or hand has more than 5 digits. Clubfoot, one of the most common congenital deformities of the lower limbs, occurs approximately 1 in 1000 births. It can be treated by physical therapy, or by a combination of physical therapy and surgery. [1]
Genu valgum, commonly called "knock-knee", is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch each other when the legs are straightened. [1] Individuals with severe valgus deformities are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs.
This complex is the major stabilizer of the medial knee. Injuries to the medial side of the knee are most commonly isolated to these ligaments. [1] [3] A thorough understanding of the anatomy and function of the medial knee structures, along with a detailed history and physical exam, are imperative to diagnosing and treating these injuries.
If the clubfoot deformity does not improve by the end of the casting phase, an Achilles tendon tenotomy can be performed. [10] The procedure consists of a small posterior skin incision through which the tendon cut is made. In order to maintain the correct position of the foot, it is necessary to wear an orthopedic brace until 5 years of age. [11]
Hip-knee-ankle angle. On projectional radiography, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the hip-knee-ankle angle, [7] which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. [8] It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. [9] Normal ranges are different in children. [10]
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