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The Sun's path changes with its declination during the year. The intersections of the curves with the horizontal axis show azimuths in degrees from North where the Sun rises and sets. The Sun appears to move northward during the northern spring, crossing the celestial equator on the March equinox.
90° at the subsolar point, which occurs, for example, at the equator on a day of equinox at solar noon; near 0° at the sunset or at the sunrise; between −90° and 0° during the night (midnight) An exact calculation is given in position of the Sun. Other approximations exist elsewhere. [6]
The Sun, in its apparent motion along the ecliptic, crosses the celestial equator at these points, one from south to north, the other from north to south. [6] The crossing from south to north is known as the March equinox , also known as the first point of Aries and the ascending node of the ecliptic on the celestial equator. [ 10 ]
Heliographic coordinate systems are used to identify locations on the Sun's surface. The two most commonly used systems are the Stonyhurst and Carrington systems. They both define latitude as the angular distance from the solar equator, but differ in how they define longitude. In Stonyhurst coordinates, the longitude is fixed for an observer on ...
The solar zenith angle is the zenith angle of the sun, i.e., the angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical direction. It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane.
The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is 16.0 km (9.9 mi) north of it (approximately between 45°08'36" and 45°08'37") because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles. [1]
At the equator (0° latitude), on the equinoxes, the sun angle is always 90° no matter the axial tilt, while on the solstices the minimum sun angle is equal to 90° minus the tilt. Therefore, greater tilt means a lower minimum for the same maximum: less total annual surface insolation at the equator.
The 60th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 60 degrees north of Earth's equator. It crosses Europe , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America , and the Atlantic Ocean . Although it lies approximately twice as far away from the Equator as from the North Pole , the 60th parallel is half as long as the Equator line, due to the cosine ...