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IUPAC has suggested that this name should be replaced by linear Gibbs energy relation, but at present there is little sign of acceptance of this change. [1] The area of physical organic chemistry which deals with such relations is commonly referred to as 'linear free-energy relationships'.
The Taft equation is a linear free energy relationship (LFER) used in physical organic chemistry in the study of reaction mechanisms and in the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships for organic compounds. It was developed by Robert W. Taft in 1952 [2] [3] [4] as a modification to the Hammett equation. [5]
The Yukawa–Tsuno equation, first developed in 1959, [1] is a linear free-energy relationship in physical organic chemistry.It is a modified version of the Hammett equation that accounts for enhanced resonance effects in electrophilic reactions of para- and meta-substituted organic compounds.
Linear pathways follow a step-by-step sequence, where each enzymatic reaction results in the transformation of a substrate into an intermediate product. This intermediate is processed by subsequent enzymes until the final product is synthesized. A linear chain of four enzyme-catalyzed steps. A linear pathway can be studied in various ways.
In physical organic chemistry, the Swain–Lupton equation is a linear free energy relationship (LFER) that is used in the study of reaction mechanisms and in the development of quantitative structure activity relationships for organic compounds.
Examples of exactly solvable problems that can be used as starting points include linear equations, including linear equations of motion (harmonic oscillator, linear wave equation), statistical or quantum-mechanical systems of non-interacting particles (or in general, Hamiltonians or free energies containing only terms quadratic in all degrees ...
The simplest form of a group-contribution method is the determination of a component property by summing up the group contributions : [] = +.This simple form assumes that the property (normal boiling point in the example) is strictly linearly dependent on the number of groups, and additionally no interaction between groups and molecules are assumed.
The reaction process can be shown using two different geometries, the small molecule can approach in a linear or non-linear fashion. In the linear approach, the electrons in the orbital of the small molecule are pointed directly at the π-system. In the non-linear approach, the orbital approaches at a skew angle.