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Cars with gasoline direct injection (GDI) have been especially prone to carbon buildup, and car makers recommend fuels with higher detergent levels to combat the problem. [18] At first GDI was mainly available in high-end autos, but it is now being used in mid-range cars and economy cars, such as the Hyundai Sonata, Ford Focus and Hyundai Accent.
The 1996 Japanese-market Mitsubishi Galant was the first mass-produced car to use a GDI engine, when a GDI version of the Mitsubishi 4G93 inline-four engine was introduced. [52] [53] It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the Carisma. [54] It also developed the first six-cylinder GDI engine, the Mitsubishi 6G74 V6 engine, in 1997. [55]
The first four-stroke direct-injection petrol engine for a passenger car was released the following year, in the Mercedes-Benz 300SL sports car. [38] However the engine suffered lubrication problems due to petrol diluting the engine oil, [39] [40] and subsequent Mercedes-Benz engines switched to a manifold injection design. Likewise, most ...
The fuel efficiency and working principle of a PPC engine resemble those of Diesel engine, but the PPC engine can be run with a variety of fuels. Also, the partially premixed charge burns clean. [6] Challenges with using gasoline in a PPC engine arise due to the low lubricity of gasoline and the low cetane value of gasoline.
The most efficient cycle is the Atkinson Cycle, but most gasoline engine makers use the Otto Cycle for higher power and torque. Some engine design, such as Mazda's Skyactiv-G and some hybrid engines designed by Toyota utilize the Atkinson and Otto cycles together with an electric motor/generator and a traction storage battery.
This is true, if you include oil and refined oil products such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. U.S. exports of oil and oil products exceeded imports in 2020 and 2021, again, largely because of ...
Indirect injection engines also tend to produce lower amounts of particulate matter compared to direct injection engines as the fuel and air are more uniformly mixed. Indirect injection using pre-combustion chambers are also used in high performance engines, such as those in Formula 1 , where they can allow the engine to produce more power with ...
The exhaust has dual effects on HCCI combustion. It dilutes the fresh charge, delaying ignition and reducing the chemical energy and engine output. Hot combustion products conversely increase gas temperature in the cylinder and advance ignition. Control of combustion timing HCCI engines using EGR has been shown experimentally. [13]