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CAP is common, affecting people of all ages, and its symptoms occur as a result of oxygen-absorbing areas of the lung filling with fluid. This inhibits lung function, causing dyspnea, fever, chest pains and cough. CAP, the most common type of pneumonia, is a leading cause of illness and death worldwide [citation needed].
[3] [14] Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. [15] The severity of the condition is variable. [15] Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other microorganisms. [a] Identifying the responsible pathogen can be difficult.
The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid leaked from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli and result in impaired oxygen transportation. Bacteria can travel from the lung into the blood stream ( bacteremia ) and can result in serious illness such as sepsis and eventually septic shock , in which there is low blood pressure leading to damage in ...
Most often it is caused by viral infection and hence antibiotic therapy is not indicated in immunocompetent individuals. [9] [6] Viral bronchitis can sometimes be treated using antiviral medications depending on the virus causing the infection, and medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs and expectorants can help mitigate the symptoms.
Medication can be administered via inhaler or nebuliser. There is no evidence to prefer a nebuliser over an inhaler. [18] Antibiotics are used if a bacterial infection is the suspected cause. [5] However, antibiotics will not treat exacerbations caused by viruses. Viral infections will usually be cured with time with the aid of proper rest and ...
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both lungs. The pulmonary alveoli fill with fluid or pus making it difficult to breathe. [1] Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. [1] Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause. [2]
The diagnosis can be confirmed by the characteristic appearance of the chest X-ray and an arterial oxygen level (PaO 2) that is strikingly lower than would be expected from symptoms. Gallium 67 scans are also useful in the diagnosis. They are abnormal in about 90% of cases and are often positive before the chest X-ray becomes abnormal.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.