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[12] [13] Only positive integers were considered, making the term synonymous with the natural numbers. The definition of integer expanded over time to include negative numbers as their usefulness was recognized. [14] For example Leonhard Euler in his 1765 Elements of Algebra defined integers to include both positive and negative numbers. [15]
Negative numbers: Real numbers that are less than zero. Because zero itself has no sign, neither the positive numbers nor the negative numbers include zero. When zero is a possibility, the following terms are often used: Non-negative numbers: Real numbers that are greater than or equal to zero. Thus a non-negative number is either zero or positive.
Alternatively, since the natural numbers naturally form a subset of the integers (often denoted ), they may be referred to as the positive, or the non-negative integers, respectively. [50] To be unambiguous about whether 0 is included or not, sometimes a superscript " ∗ {\displaystyle *} " or "+" is added in the former case, and a subscript ...
A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive integers. Accordingly it is a positive integer that has at least one divisor other than 1 and itself. [1] [2] Every positive integer is composite, prime, or the unit 1, so the composite numbers are exactly the numbers that are not prime and not a unit.
A list of articles about numbers (not about numerals). Topics include powers of ten, notable integers, prime and cardinal numbers, and the myriad system.
In number theory, a polite number is a positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A positive integer which is not polite is called impolite. [1] [2] The impolite numbers are exactly the powers of two, and the polite numbers are the natural numbers that are not powers of two.
Elements may be written in scientific notation as , where < and is the integer in the doubly infinite progression, and is called the decade. In the study of physical magnitudes, the order of decades provides positive and negative ordinals referring to an ordinal scale implicit in the ratio scale.
A highly composite number is a positive integer that has more divisors than all smaller positive integers. If d(n) denotes the number of divisors of a positive integer n, then a positive integer N is highly composite if d(N) > d(n) for all n < N. For example, 6 is highly composite because d(6)=4 and d(n)=1,2,2,3,2 for n=1,2,3,4,5 respectively.