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The siege and the conquest of Jerusalem were a disaster for the Hasmonean Kingdom. Pompey reinstated Hyrcanus II as the High Priest but stripped him of his royal title. However, Rome later recognised him as an ethnarch in 47 BC. [17] Judea remained autonomous but was obliged to pay tribute and became dependent on the Roman administration in Syria.
The Romans set the structure ablaze, and all perished. [156] [157] Josephus attributes the tragedy to "false prophets" who urged people to ascend the Temple Mount, claiming it would bring salvation. [156] The Romans then moved to systematically destroy the rest of the Temple Mount, [158] razing the remaining porticoes, treasuries, and gates.
A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890 when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade the practice of the Christian religion.
The vast Roman territories were organized into senatorial provinces, governed by proconsuls who were appointed by lot annually, and imperial provinces, which belonged to the emperor but were governed by legates. [20] The first two centuries of the Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (lit.
Druids were alleged to practice human sacrifice, a practice abhorrent to the Romans. [10] Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) wrote "It is beyond calculation how great is the debt owed to the Romans, who swept away the monstrous rites, in which to kill a man was the highest religious duty and for him to be eaten a passport to health."
409: Battle of Ostia – Visigoths under Alaric I defeated the Romans. 410, 24 August – Sack of Rome – Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome. [17] [16] 413 – Siege of Massilia – Visigoths under Ataulf were defeated by Romans under Bonifacius while trying to besiege the Roman city. They made peace with Rome soon after.
Stilicho and the Romans, reinforced by Alans, Goths under Sarus, and Huns under Uldin, managed to defeat Radagaisus in August 406, but only after the devastation of northern Italy. [45] [46] 12,000 of Radagaisus' Goths were pressed into Roman military service, and others were enslaved. So many were sold into slavery by the victorious Roman ...
Traditional synagogal worship, including sermons and scripture reading, was preserved, while new forms like piyyut (liturgical poetry) and organized prayer emerged. [513] Rabbinic instruction held that some practices remained exclusive to the Temple, [514] and most synagogues are faced toward its site. [515]