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The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O. Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.
Reduction of tosylate esters gives the hydrocarbon. Thus, tosylation followed by reduction allows for the deoxygenation of alcohols. Structures of the 7-norbornenyl cation with p-orbital stabilization. In a famous and illustrative use of tosylate as a leaving group, the 2-norbornyl cation was formed by an elimination reaction of 7-norbornenyl ...
Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts. Unlike acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, it is not an equilibrium reaction and proceeds to completion. Hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon to give a tetrahedral intermediate, which then expels an alkoxide ion.
Scheme 2. Hydrolysis of benzoic acid esters. Reaction constants are known for many other reactions and equilibria. Here is a selection of those provided by Hammett himself (with their values in parentheses): the hydrolysis of substituted cinnamic acid ester in ethanol/water (+1.267) the ionization of substituted phenols in water (+2.008)
The carboxylic acid Schmidt reaction starts with acylium ion 1 obtained from protonation and loss of water. Reaction with hydrazoic acid forms the protonated azido ketone 2 , which goes through a rearrangement reaction with the alkyl group R, migrating over the C-N bond with expulsion of nitrogen.
Reagents are "substances or compounds that are added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or are added to see if a reaction occurs." [1] Some reagents are just a single element. However, most processes require reagents made of chemical compounds. Some of the most common ones used widely for specific reactive functions are ...
The Piria reaction. In the Tyrer sulfonation process (1917), [7] at some time of technological importance, benzene vapor is led through a vessel containing 90% sulfuric acid the temperature of which is increased from 100 to 180°C. Water and benzene are continuously removed and the benzene fed back to the vessel. In this way an 80% yield is ...
In a variation the reaction of phenols and beta-ketoesters and phosphorus pentoxide yields a chromone.This reaction is called Simonis chromone cyclization. [6] [7] The ketone in the ketoester is activated by P 2 O 5 for reaction with the phenol hydroxyl group first, the ester group in it is then activated for electrophilic attack of the arene.