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Ahmad ibn Hanbal [a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. [5]
Shafi'i school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150 AH/766 AD - 204 AH/820 AD) and subsequently expanded in Egypt. [7] Hanbali school of thought was founded in Baghdad by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164 AH/780 AD - 241 AH/855 AD). [8] [9]
Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of the Hanbali madhhab, was arrested and tortured throughout the reigns of, respectively, al-Ma'mun (813–833), his brother and al-Mutawakkil's father, al-Mutassim, and his son al-Wathiq. One Mahmud ibn al-Faraj al-Nayshapuri arose claiming to be a prophet. He and some followers were arrested in Baghdad.
Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography: Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books: Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal was born in the month of Rabi I in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE. [12] This was mentioned by his son Abd Allah. [13] [14] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was an officer in the Abbasid army in Khorasan and later settled with his family in Baghdad.
Map of the Muslim world. Hanbali (dark green) is the predominant Sunni school in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. [12] [5]Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school of thought (), was a disciple of the Sunni Imam Al-Shafi‘i, who was reportedly a student of Imam Malik ibn Anas, [13] [14]: 121 who was a student of the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, like Imam Abu Hanifa.
A.J. Wensinck mentions Ahmad ibn Hanbal as among at-Tirmidhi's teachers. [9] [14] However, Hoosen states that according to the most reliable sources, at-Tirmidhi never went to Baghdad, nor did he attend any lectures of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Furthermore, at-Tirmidhi never directly narrates from Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his Jami`. [14]
Ali ibn al-Madini (778–849) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions: Ibn Hisham (died 833) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography: Isma'il ibn Ja'far (719–775) Musa al-Kadhim (745–799) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books