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Daphnia is a genus of small planktonic crustaceans, 0.2–6.0 mm (0.01–0.24 in) in length. Daphnia are members of the order Anomopoda, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because their saltatory swimming style resembles the movements of fleas.
Daphnia pulicaria is a species of freshwater crustaceans found within the genus of Daphnia, which are often called "water fleas," and they are commonly used as model organisms for scientific research. [1] Like other species of Daphnia, they reproduce via cyclic parthenogenesis. [2]
Daphnia magna is a key species in many lentic habitats. It can be found in lakes and shallow ponds rich in organic matter sediment. [6] Numerous natural predators are known and can lead to plastic phenotypic responses. In the presence of kairomones, Daphnia spp. develop conspicuous protective structures as an elongated spine and a large body ...
In this reproductive system, individuals can alternate between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. When reproducing parthenogenetically, diploid asexual embryos fully develop in the brood chamber of mature female daphnias, and are then directly released in the environment.
The switch between sexuality and parthenogenesis in such species may be triggered by the season (aphid, some gall wasps), or by a lack of males or by conditions that favour rapid population growth (rotifers and cladocerans like Daphnia). In these species asexual reproduction occurs either in summer (aphids) or as long as conditions are favourable.
Daphnia lumholtzi is a species of small, invasive water fleas that originates in the tropical and subtropical lakes of Africa, Asia, and Australia. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] As an invasive species , Daphnia lumholtzi disrupts aquatic habitats by spreading throughout the warmer waters of lakes and reservoirs.
Like all Daphnia species, D. longispina is a filter feeder, collecting particles of about 2 to 40 μm suspended in the water. [5] The main food are green algae. At 20 °C maturity is reached within about 6 to 12 days, followed by a period of regular reproduction in about 3-4 day intervals.
Apomixis in plants is the formation of a new sporophyte without fertilization. It is important in ferns and in flowering plants, but is very rare in other seed plants. In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is now most often used for agamospermy, the formation of seeds without fertilization, but was once used to include vegetative reproduction.
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