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  2. Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipoledipole...

    Magnetic dipoledipole interaction, also called dipolar coupling, refers to the direct interaction between two magnetic dipoles. Roughly speaking, the magnetic field of a dipole goes as the inverse cube of the distance, and the force of its magnetic field on another dipole goes as the first derivative of the magnetic field. It follows that ...

  3. Hyperfine structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfine_structure

    Here, the electric quadrupole interaction is due to the 14 N-nucleus, the hyperfine nuclear spin-spin splitting is from the magnetic coupling between nitrogen, 14 N (I N = 1), and hydrogen, 1 H (I H = 1 ⁄ 2), and a hydrogen spin-rotation interaction due to the 1 H-nucleus. These contributing interactions to the hyperfine structure in the ...

  4. J-coupling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-coupling

    Energy diagram showing the effects of J-coupling for the molecule hydrogen fluoride. The origin of J-coupling can be visualized by a vector model for a simple molecule such as hydrogen fluoride (HF). In HF, the two nuclei have spin ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. Four states are possible, depending on the relative alignment of the H and F nuclear spins with the ...

  5. Magnetic moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_moment

    For many magnets the first non-zero term is the magnetic dipole moment. (To date, no isolated magnetic monopoles have been experimentally detected.) A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a current loop or a pair of poles as the dimensions of the source are reduced to zero while keeping the moment constant.

  6. Magnetic dipole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipole

    In electromagnetism, a magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of poles as the size of the source is reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant. It is a magnetic analogue of the electric dipole, but the analogy is not perfect.

  7. Magnetic dipole transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_transition

    Magnetic dipole transitions describe the dominant effect of the coupling of the magnetic dipole moment of the electron to the magnetic part of the electromagnetic wave. They can be divided into two groups by the frequency at which they are observed: optical magnetic dipole transitions can occur at frequencies in the infrared, optical or ...

  8. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.

  9. Hydrogen line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_line

    An atom of neutral hydrogen consists of an electron bound to a proton.The lowest stationary energy state of the bound electron is called its ground state.Both the electron and the proton have intrinsic magnetic dipole moments ascribed to their spin, whose interaction results in a slight increase in energy when the spins are parallel, and a decrease when antiparallel.