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In the late 18th century, the Ottoman Empire faced threats on numerous frontiers from multiple industrialised European powers. [1] In response, the Empire initiated a period of internal reform to centralize and standardise governance across its interconnected provinces, attempting to bring itself into competition with the expanding West.
The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing. ISBN 978-1902886114. Fromkin, David (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan. Kent, Marian (1996). The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0714641545. Lewis, Bernard (30 August 2001).
The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922. During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier .
After the publication of numerous new studies throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, and the reexamination of Ottoman history through the use of previously untapped sources and methodologies, academic historians of the Ottoman Empire achieved a consensus that the entire notion of Ottoman decline was a myth – that in fact, the Ottoman Empire ...
Ottoman decline thesis — now-controversial thesis clearly formulated for the first time in 1958 by Bernard Lewis. [3] Aligns with Koçi Bey's risalets, but arguably ignores the Köprülü era and its reform of the Ottoman state, economy and navy heading into the 18th century;
A janissary (Ottoman Turkish: یڭیچری, romanized: yeŋiçeri, [je.ˈŋi.t͡ʃe.ɾ̞i], lit. ' new soldier ') was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops.
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The Tanzimat [a] (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, Turkish: Tanzimat, lit.'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Edict of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.