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Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems; there are biological, geological, and industrial forms. [2] In everyday usage the verb "strain" is more often used; for example, using a colander to drain cooking water from cooked pasta. Oil filtration refers to the method of purifying oil by removing impurities that can degrade its ...
The pure solid crystals are then separated from the remaining liquor by filtration or centrifugation. Recrystallization : In analytical and synthetic chemistry work, purchased reagents of doubtful purity may be recrystallised, e.g. dissolved in a very pure solvent, and then crystallized, and the crystals recovered, in order to improve and/or ...
When filtration occurs the local concentration of rejected material at the membrane surface increases and can become saturated. In UF, increased ion concentration can develop an osmotic pressure on the feed side of the membrane. This reduces the effective TMP of the system, therefore reducing permeation rate.
Activated carbon filtration is an effective water treatment method due to its multi-functional nature. There are specific types of activated carbon filtration methods and equipment that are indicated – depending upon the contaminants involved. [18] Activated carbon is also used for the measurement of radon concentration in air.
Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) into the ground at the Water purification plant Káraný, Czech Republic A profile of layers of gravel, sand and fine sand used in a slow sand filter plant. Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters ...
In physics, chemistry, and materials science, percolation (from Latin percolare 'to filter, trickle through') refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs, analogous to ...
The dead-end filtration process is usually a batch-type process, where the filtering solution is loaded (or slowly fed) into the membrane device, which then allows passage of some particles subject to the driving force. The main disadvantage of dead-end filtration is the extensive membrane fouling and concentration polarization. The fouling is ...
The most comprehensive history of water filtration was published by Moses N. Baker in 1948 and reprinted in 1981. [19] In the 1800s, mechanical filtration was an industrial process that depended on the addition of aluminium sulfate prior to the filtration process. The filtration rate for mechanical filtration was typically more than 60 times ...