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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Louis the Child, King (899–911) Conrad I, King (911–918) Henry I, King (919–936) Otto I, King (936–973), Holy Roman Emperor (962–973) Otto II, King (961–983), Holy Roman Emperor (967–983) Otto III, King (983–1002), Holy Roman Emperor (996–1002)
This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria .
Frederick II the Great, Elector, King (1740–1786) Frederick William II , Elector, King (1786–1797) Frederick William III , Elector (1797–1806), King (1797–1840)
[101] [102] This was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of rule of law. Another new concept of the time was the systematic founding of new cities by ...
The 13th century was a particularly fragmented time in the history of the Holy Roman Empire due to the great interregnum (1245-1275). Even with one Emperor who had enough land and power to wield kingly power the Holy Roman Empire was split into hundreds of fiefdoms whose holders were often at war with each-other.
Berchtesgaden Prince-Provostry (complete list) – Bernhard I of Schönstätten, Provost (1194–1201) Landgraviate of Leuchtenberg (de:complete list) – Gebhardt I, Landgrave (?–1146) Gebhardt II, Landgrave (1146–1168) Diepold I, Landgrave (1168–1209) Prince-Abbey of Niedermünster (complete list) – Uda II von Marburg, Abbess (1089 ...