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It was founded as the National Brotherhood of Operative Potters on December 29, 1890. In 1900, it absorbed the Sanitary Pressers' National Union. On March 14, 1899, it was chartered by the American Federation of Labor, and in 1904, it absorbed the Potters' National Union of America. [2] [3] By 1925, the union had 7,900 members. [3]
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Two principal techniques are used to produce seed beads: the wound method and the drawn method. The wound method is the more-traditional technique, is more time-consuming, and is no longer used in modern bead production: in this technique, a chunk of glass known in glassmaking as a gather and composed mainly of silica is heated on an iron bar until molten.
Lampworked dichroic glass bead showing thin film application Furnace glass beads. A variant of the wound glass bead making technique, and a labor-intensive one, is what is traditionally called lampworking. In the Venetian industry, where very large quantities of beads were produced in the 19th century for the African trade, the core of a ...
Apsley Pellatt in his book Curiosities of Glass Making was the first to use the term "millefiori", which appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1849; prior to that, the beads were called mosaic beads. While the use of this technique long precedes the term "millefiori", it is now most frequently associated with Venetian glassware. [2] [3]
A selection of glass beads Merovingian bead Trade beads, 18th century Trade beads, 18th century. A bead is a small, decorative object that is formed in a variety of shapes and sizes of a material such as stone, bone, shell, glass, plastic, wood, or pearl and with a small hole for threading or stringing.
Glass beads composed of soda lime glass are essential for providing retroreflectivity in many kinds of road surface markings. [1] Retroreflectivity occurs when incident light from vehicles is refracted within glass beads that are imbedded in road surface markings and then reflected back into the driver's field of view. [ 2 ]
The material used to form an article of pottery. Thus a potter might prepare, or order from a supplier, such an amount of earthenware body, stoneware body or porcelain body. Coiling A hand method of forming pottery by building up the walls with coils of rope-like rolls of clay. Cone See pyrometric cone Crackle glaze