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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
The sodium–potassium pump, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, [1] but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts [1] by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance.
Disk containing 1 μCi of sodium-22. Sodium-22 is a radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing positron emission to 22 Ne with a half-life of 2.6019(6) years. 22 Na is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold positrons" to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium.
The Sodium Reactor Experiment facility was situated in a northwestern administrative section (known as Area IV) on a mountaintop known as The Hill of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles in Simi Valley. [5]
Calcium has been shown to block sodium channels [2] which explains the effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.; Lamotrigine is known to block sodium channels but it is not known whether it is extracellular or intracellular.
The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, exchange protein, or NCX) is an antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells. It uses the energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na +) by allowing Na + to flow down its gradient across the plasma membrane in exchange for the countertransport of calcium ions (Ca 2+).
Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit. G – glycosylation, P – phosphorylation, S – ion selectivity, I – inactivation.Positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing.
Sodium lactate is used to treat arrhythmias caused by overdosing of class I antiarrythmics, as well as pressor sympathomimetics which can cause hypertension. [10]It can be given intravenously as a source of bicarbonate for preventing or controlling mild to moderate metabolic acidosis in patients with restricted oral intake (for sodium bicarbonate) whose oxidative processes are not seriously ...