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Minichromosomes can be either linear or circular pieces of DNA. [3] By minimizing the amount of unnecessary genetic information on the chromosome and including the basic components necessary for DNA replication (centromere, telomeres, and replication sequences), molecular biologists aim to construct a chromosomal platform which can be utilized to insert or present new genes into a host cell.
Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. [2] It was the first plant to be genetically engineered and is considered a model organism for not only genetic engineering, but a range of other fields. [3]
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. It is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation .
Two classes of mcm mutants were identified: Those that affected the stability of all minichromosomes and others that affected the stability of only a subset of the minichromosomes. The former were mutants defective in chromosome segregation such as mcm16, mcm20 and mcm21.
The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms.This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype, [1] [2] [3] and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope.
A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. The first trial genetically modified food was a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life (the Flavr Savr), which was on the market briefly beginning on May 21, 1994. [1]
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation . This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium , such as broth or agar .
It is studied in plant anatomy and plant physiology as well as plant morphology. Plants constantly produce new tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems [36] located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues.