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The trabecular bone score is a measure of bone texture correlated with bone microarchitecture and a marker for the risk of osteoporosis. Introduced in 2008, [ 1 ] its main projected use is alongside measures of bone density in better predicting fracture risk in people with metabolic bone problems.
The neck is flattened from before backward, contracted in the middle, and broader laterally than medially. The vertical diameter of the lateral half is increased by the obliquity of the lower edge, which slopes downward to join the body at the level of the lesser trochanter , so that it measures one-third more than the antero-posterior diameter.
DEXA assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral neck (A) and the lumbar spine (B): T scores of - 4.2 and - 4.3 were found at the hip (A) and lumbar spine (B), respectively in a 53-year-old male patient affected with Fabry disease. The World Health Organization has defined the following categories based on bone density in white women:
The US National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends pharmacologic treatment for patients with hip or spine fracture thought to be related to osteoporosis, those with BMD 2.5 SD or more below the young normal mean (T-score -2.5 or below), and those with BMD between 1 and 2.5 SD below normal mean whose 10-year risk, using FRAX, for hip fracture is ...
Femoral (neck) offset is defined as the perpendicular distance between the intramedullary or longitudinal axis of the femur and the center of rotation of the native or prosthetic femoral head. An offset of less than 33 mm is associated with hip dislocation. [99] [100]
In radiology, the deep lateral femoral notch sign is a finding on a lateral radiograph that is considered an indirect sign of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an abnormal deepening of the lateral condylopatellar sulcus from an osteochondral impaction fracture.
However, BME cannot be detected by X-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scans directly, [2] [5] but they are helpful in differential diagnosis. [5] [9] Minor cases are usually treated through proper resting and taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while steroid therapy or even surgery may be needed for more serious ones. [10 ...
Propensity scores are used to reduce confounding by equating groups based on these covariates. Suppose that we have a binary treatment indicator Z, a response variable r, and background observed covariates X. The propensity score is defined as the conditional probability of treatment given background variables: