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Using metric units, the volumetric flow rate of a nozzle is given by =, [1] [2] where q is the flow rate in litres per minute ( l/min ), p is the pressure at the nozzle in bar and K is the K-factor is given in units of (/) /.
In locations where a municipal connection is not possible or practical, the required water may be drawn from an open body of water (e.g., lake, pond, river) or a water storage tank. Hydraulic calculations determine if the available water supply pressure is adequate to provide the sprinkler system design flowrate.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, to which fire sprinklers are connected. Although initially used only in factories and large commercial buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available ...
Fire pumps are used to increase the pressure of water sourced from a municipal underground water supply piping network, or a static supply (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). A fire pump is a centrifugal- or positive displacement- pump that has been tested and listed by a third-party testing and listing agency, such as UL or FM Global specifically ...
Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers. [1] [2] A circular area centered on the pivot is irrigated, often creating a circular pattern in crops when viewed ...
The majority of automatic fire sprinklers operate individually in a fire. Contrary to motion picture representation, the entire sprinkler system does not activate at the same time, unless the system is a special deluge type. [19] [20] Open orifice sprinklers are only used in water spray systems or deluge sprinklers systems.
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In some cases, certain contents or processes (such as water-reactive chemicals or metals, molten materials, etc.) are truly incompatible with water; water discharge could lead to explosion. In these instances, alternative chemical compounds, inert gases and similar can be utilized for fire suppression as outlined below: