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The non-zero vectors in Cl n (R) or R n are associated with points in the projective space so vectors that differ only by a scale factor, so their exterior product is zero, map to the same point. Non-zero simple bivectors in ⋀ 2 R n represent lines in RP n −1 , with bivectors differing only by a (positive or negative) scale factor ...
Many hyperbolic lines through point P not intersecting line a in the Beltrami Klein model A hyperbolic triheptagonal tiling in a Beltrami–Klein model projection. In geometry, the Beltrami–Klein model, also called the projective model, Klein disk model, and the Cayley–Klein model, is a model of hyperbolic geometry in which points are represented by the points in the interior of the unit ...
Likewise, vectors whose components are contravariant push forward under smooth mappings, so the operation assigning the space of (contravariant) vectors to a smooth manifold is a covariant functor. Secondly, in the classical approach to differential geometry, it is not bases of the tangent bundle that are the most primitive object, but rather ...
Some r-vectors are scalars (r = 0), vectors (r = 1) and bivectors (r = 2). One may generate a finite-dimensional GA by choosing a unit pseudoscalar (I). The set of all vectors that satisfy = is a vector space. The geometric product of the vectors in this vector space then defines the GA, of which I is a member.
In mathematics, a biorthogonal system is a pair of indexed families of vectors ~ ~ such that ~, ~ =,, where and form a pair of topological vector spaces that are in duality, , is a bilinear mapping and , is the Kronecker delta.
Inversive geometry itself can be performed with the larger system known as Conformal Geometric Algebra(CGA), of which Plane-based GA is a subalgebra. CGA is also usually applied to 3D space, and is able to model general spheres, circles, and conformal (angle-preserving) transformations, which include the transformations seen on the Poincare ...
The metric g can take up to two vectors or vector fields X, Y as arguments. In the former case the output is a number, the (pseudo-)inner product of X and Y. In the latter case, the inner product of X p, Y p is taken at all points p on the manifold so that g(X, Y) defines a smooth function on M. Vector fields act (by definition) as differential ...
Let , and be three vector spaces over the same base field.A bilinear map is a function: such that for all , the map (,) is a linear map from to , and for all , the map (,) is a linear map from to .