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Exposure analysis is the science that describes how an individual or population comes in contact with a contaminant, including quantification of the amount of contact across space and time. 'Exposure assessment' and 'exposure analysis' are often used as synonyms in many practical contexts. Risk is a function of exposure and hazard.
The absorption (equivalent to dielectric loss) is used in microwave ovens to heat food that contains water molecules. A frequency of 2.45 GHz, wavelength 122 mm, is commonly used. Radiocommunication at GHz frequencies is very difficult in fresh waters and even more so in salt waters. [11]
In comparison to the short term, relatively intensive exposures described above, for long-term environmental exposure of the general public there is a limit of 0.08 W/kg averaged over the whole body. [2] A whole-body average SAR of 0.4 W/kg has been chosen as the restriction that provides adequate protection for occupational exposure.
Upon striking the sample, photons that match the energy gap of the molecules present (green light in this example) are absorbed, exciting the molecules. Other photons are scattered (not shown here) or transmitted unaffected; if the radiation is in the visible region (400–700 nm), the transmitted light appears as the complementary color (here ...
Although water is nearly transparent in the range of visible light, it becomes absorbing over the near-infrared region. Water is a critical component since its concentration is high in human tissue. The absorption spectrum of water in the range from 250 to 1000 nm is shown in Figure 2.
Since 1962, the microwave auditory effect or tinnitus has been shown from radio frequency exposure at levels below significant heating. [34] Studies during the 1960s in Europe and Russia claimed to show effects on humans, especially the nervous system, from low energy RF radiation; the studies were disputed at the time. [35] [36]
The biological half-life of water in a human is about 7 to 14 days. It can be altered by behavior. Drinking large amounts of alcohol will reduce the biological half-life of water in the body. [8] [9] This has been used to decontaminate patients who are internally contaminated with tritiated water. The basis of this decontamination method is to ...
Spectral exposure: H e,ν [nb 3] joule per square metre per hertz J⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅T −1: Radiant exposure of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly measured in J⋅m −2 ⋅nm −1. This is sometimes also called "spectral fluence". H e,λ [nb 4] joule per square metre, per metre J/m 3