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Scherrer equation. The Scherrer equation, in X-ray diffraction and crystallography, is a formula that relates the size of sub- micrometre crystallites in a solid to the broadening of a peak in a diffraction pattern. It is often referred to, incorrectly, as a formula for particle size measurement or analysis.
Peak signal-to-noise ratio. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is an engineering term for the ratio between the maximum possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting noise that affects the fidelity of its representation. Because many signals have a very wide dynamic range, PSNR is usually expressed as a logarithmic quantity using the ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
Mass spectral interpretation is the method employed to identify the chemical formula, characteristic fragment patterns and possible fragment ions from the mass spectra. [1][2] Mass spectra is a plot of relative abundance against mass-to-charge ratio. It is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass ...
Steinmetz's equation, sometimes called the power equation, [1] is an empirical equation used to calculate the total power loss (core losses) per unit volume in magnetic materials when subjected to external sinusoidally varying magnetic flux. [2][3] The equation is named after Charles Steinmetz, a German-American electrical engineer, who ...
The valley definition defines ΔM as the closest spacing of two peaks of equal intensity with the valley (lowest value of signal) between them less than a specified fraction of the peak height. Typical values are 10% or 50%. The value obtained from a 5% peak width is roughly equivalent to a 10% valley. [1]
where m is the Bragg order (a positive integer), λ B the diffracted wavelength, Λ the fringe spacing of the grating, θ the angle between the incident beam and the normal (N) of the entrance surface and φ the angle between the normal and the grating vector (K G). Radiation that does not match Bragg's law will pass through the VBG undiffracted.
the constant is the permeability of free space, commonly called , divided by ; in the absence of magnetically reactive insulation the value 200 is exact when using the classical definition of μ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 H/m, and correct to 7 decimal places when using the 2019-redefined SI value of μ 0 = 1.256 637 062 12 (19) × 10 −6 H/m.