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The making of pulque, as illustrated in the Florentine Codex (Book 1 Appendix, fo.40) [35] Pulque, or octli is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of the maguey, and is a traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica. [36] Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch.
Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation in manufacturing processes. In addition to the mass production of fermented foods and drinks, industrial fermentation has widespread applications in chemical industry. Commodity chemicals, such as acetic acid, citric acid, and ethanol are made by fermentation. [1]
1-propanol, 1-butanol, and isobutyl alcohol for use as a solvent and precursor to solvents; C6–C11 alcohols used for plasticizers, e.g. in polyvinylchloride; fatty alcohol (C12–C18), precursors to detergents; Methanol is the most common industrial alcohol, with about 12 million tons/y produced in 1980.
The production of butanol by biological means was first performed by Louis Pasteur in 1861. [5] In 1905, Austrian biochemist Franz Schardinger found that acetone could similarly be produced. [ 5 ] In 1910 Auguste Fernbach (1860–1939) developed a bacterial fermentation process using potato starch as a feedstock in the production of butanol.
1. CH 3 COCOO − + H + → CH 3 CHO + CO 2. catalyzed by pyruvate decarboxylase. 2. CH 3 CHO + NADH + H + → C 2 H 5 OH + NAD + This reaction is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1 in baker's yeast). [3] As shown by the reaction equation, glycolysis causes the reduction of two molecules of NAD + to NADH.
The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-054218-7. Forbes, Robert (1997). Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-00617-6. Multhauf, Robert (1993).
In 1914, the Free Alcohol bill is amended again to decrease the regulatory burden and encourage alcohol fuel production in the U.S. In 1917 Alexander Graham Bell says: "Alcohol makes a beautiful, clean and efficient fuel… Alcohol can be manufactured from corn stalks, and in fact from almost any vegetable matter capable of fermentation…
The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1.5 trillion in 2017. [3] Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the world, and about 33% of all humans currently drink alcohol. [4] In 2015, among Americans, 86% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, with 70% drinking it in the last year and 56% in the last month. [5]