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The major source of lead exposure during the 20th century was leaded gasoline. Proponents of the lead–crime hypothesis argue that the removal of lead additives from motor fuel, and the consequent decline in children's lead exposure, explains the fall in crime rates in the United States beginning in the 1990s. [4]
In environmental terms, the theory that crime rates and lead exposure are connected, with increases in the latter causing increases in the former, has attracted much scientific analysis. In 2011, a report published by the official United Nations News Centre remarked, "Ridding the world of leaded petrol, with the United Nations leading the ...
[5] [6] Dilulio has since disavowed the theory. [1] There are many alternative explanations to the rise in crime until the 1990s and the subsequent drop. One explanation, supported by American journalist Kevin Drum, is the lead–crime hypothesis, which says that the use of leaded gasoline could have caused the high crime rates in the 1980s and ...
"A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36:123-155 (1999) "Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38(4):319-352 (2001)
General strain theory (GST) is a theory of criminology developed by Robert Agnew. [1] [2] ... Failure to achieve goals may lead to property and violent crime
Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life. [62] A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including a motivated offender, suitable target or victim, and lack of a capable guardian. [63]
The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American Dream), even though they lack the means to do so. This leads to strain, which may lead individuals to commit crimes, like selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution as a means to gain financial security. [1] Strain could be:
In the UK the use of leaded petrol declined from 74% of lead emissions in 1990 to 1% in 1999. The theory should expect crime to fall when the 1990s cohort of babies and infants became teenagers. But the UK decline in crime started in 1995 when they were still babies and infants, or not yet born.