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Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
The voice would say, 'I can't stand that man, the way he holds his brush he looks like a poof.' He immediately experienced whatever the voice was saying as his own thoughts, to the exclusion of all other thoughts. [53] And the second kind in which the voice comes after the thought appears is called echo de la pensée in French, namely thought echo.
The most common types of dysprosody are associated with dysarthria and developmental coordination disorder, which affect motor processing in speech. Among the most studied types are: Flaccid dysarthria is characterized by little control over pitch and voice volume, reduced speech rate, and impaired voice quality
Voice disorders [1] are medical conditions involving abnormal pitch, loudness or quality of the sound produced by the larynx and thereby affecting speech production. These include: These include: Vocal fold nodules
Drugs or pharmaceutical agents inducing ototoxicity are regarded as ototoxic medications. Anatomy of the human ear There is a wide range of ototoxic medications, for example, antibiotics , antimalarials , chemotherapeutic agents , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and loop diuretics . [ 2 ]
Dysarthria may affect a single system; however, it is more commonly reflected in multiple motor–speech systems. The etiology, degree of neuropathy, existence of co-morbidities, and the individual's response all play a role in the effect the disorder has on the individual's quality of life.
Voice disorders can be divided into two broad categories: organic and functional. [9] The distinction between these broad classes stems from their cause, whereby organic dysphonia results from some sort of physiological change in one of the subsystems of speech (for voice, usually respiration, laryngeal anatomy, and/or other parts of the vocal tract are affected).
Voice therapy is commonly used in the treatment of MTD. [7] The goal of voice therapy is to encourage proper vocal used and decrease the tension of the laryngeal muscles. [ 15 ] Examples of voice therapy include voice exercises to help increase glottic closure, vocal hygiene, manual laryngeal therapy, respiratory exercises, nasal exercises and ...