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Jet is around 75% carbon and 12% oxygen with sulfur and hydrogen making up most of the balance. [7] Other elements are found at trace level and the exact ratios varying with the source; for example, Spanish jet contains more sulfur than Whitby jet. [7] Jet has a Mohs hardness ranging between 2.5 and 4 and a specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.34
Due to large demand for jet, in Whitby , a large industry was established. [8] The fossilised material, jet was valued because it was lightweight, intense black in colour, durable, inexpensive and could be easily carved. [3] [10] Jet was used to design mourning jewellery such as bracelets, necklaces, brooches, cameos and pendants.
By 1500 BC, the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metallic bangles. [ citation needed ] Before 2100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade.
Medieval gem engraving only recaptured the full skills of classical gem engravers at the end of the period, but simpler inscriptions and motifs were sometimes added earlier. Pearls gathered in the wild from the Holarctic freshwater pearl mussel were much used, with Scotland a major source; this species is now endangered in most areas. [13]
Diamond necklace, c. 1904.An example of Tiffany & Co.'s jewelry around the turn of the 20th century.. Art historian Liesbeth den Besten has identified six different terms to name art jewelry, including contemporary, studio, art, research, design, and author, [1] with the three most common being contemporary, studio, and art.
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Galaxy Necklace, ca. 1962, from the collection of the Brooklyn Museum Model wearing a Smith bracelet designed c. 1948. Smith's jewelry has been described as: Inspired by surrealism, biomorphicism, and primitivism ... dynamic in its size and form. [3] Many of his pieces were designed to be worn by avant-garde dancers, which influenced his style.
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