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The Hanafi school [a] or Hanafism is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It developed from the teachings of the jurist and theologian Abu Hanifa ( c. 699–767 CE ), who systemised the use of reasoning ( ra'y ).
[1] [2] It was founded by the Muslim scholar, jurist, and traditionist al-Shafi'i (c. 767–820 CE), "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", [3] in the early 9th century. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 3 ] The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī , Mālikī and Ḥanbalī .
In addition, there are several differences within Sunnī and Shīʿa Islam: Sunnī Islam is separated into four main schools of jurisprudence, namely Mālikī, Ḥanafī, Shāfiʿī, and Ḥanbalī; these schools are named after their founders Mālik ibn Anas, Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī, and Aḥmad ibn ...
These differences reflect variations in legal methodology and reasoning, but all are considered valid within the broader framework of fiqh. [1] Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man is the first of the four imams and the only taabi'i among them. He also had the opportunity to meet a number of the companions of the Prophet.
Ibn Khaldun defined only three Sunni madhahib: Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially, [25] [26] noting that by the 14th-century historian the Zahiri school had become extinct, [27] [28] only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century. [29] [30] [31]
While it was likely used by some of his teachers, Abu Hanifa is regarded by modern scholarship as the first to formally adopt and institute analogical reason as a part of Islamic law. [28] As the fourth Caliph, Ali had transferred the Islamic capital to Kufa, and many of the first generation of Muslims had settled there. The Hanafi school of ...
The difference between Shafi'i's work and these later works – in terms of both content and the large chronological gap between which they were all composed – is so great that modern scholarship has questioned the status of Shafi'i as the founder of Islamic jurisprudence. [25] [26] [27]
Al-Shafi'i traveled to Baghdad to study with Abu Hanifah's acolyte al-Shaybani and others. [20] It was here that he developed his first school, influenced by the teachings of both Abu Hanifah and Malik. [citation needed] His work thus became known as "al-madhhab al-qadim li-l-imam al-shafi'i", or the "old school of al-Shafi'i". [citation needed]