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That step reduces nitric acid (see decomposition of aqua regia). If elemental gold is desired, it may be selectively reduced with reducing agents such as sulfur dioxide , hydrazine , oxalic acid , etc. [ 3 ] The equation for the reduction of oxidized gold ( Au 3+ ) by sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) is the following:
Depyrogenation refers to the removal of pyrogens from solutions, most commonly from injectable pharmaceuticals.. A pyrogen is defined as any substance that can cause a fever. . Bacterial pyrogens include endotoxins and exotoxins, although many pyrogens are endogenous to the ho
Conservation-restoration is the practice of cleaning and discovering the original state of an object, investigating the proper treatments and applying those treatments to restore the object to its original state without permanently altering the object, and then preserving the object to prevent further deterioration for generations to come (Caple, p. 5-6). [1]
Microorganisms growing on an agar plate. Sterilization (British English: sterilisation) refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life (particularly microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, spores, and unicellular eukaryotic organisms) and other biological agents (such as prions or viruses) present in fluid or on a specific surface or object. [1]
The optional second step (for bare silicon wafers) is a short immersion in a 1:100 or 1:50 solution of aqueous HF (hydrofluoric acid) at 25 °C for about fifteen seconds, in order to remove the thin oxide layer and some fraction of ionic contaminants. If this step is performed without ultra high purity materials and ultra clean containers, it ...
Glassmakers can achieve the look of uranium glass using other neon green colorants, but they don't react to black light the way the real thing does.
The glass brand resulting from the invention was called CEVERIT, composed of CE (chemical) + VER (solidified) + IT (usual ending for mineral substances). [citation needed] The aim was to have five times the lifespan of an ordinary drinking glass, but fifteen times lifespan was achieved. Other advantages included heat resistance, stackability ...
Crude versions of conically tapered ground glass joints have been made for quite a while, [1] particularly for stoppers for glass bottles and retorts. [2] Crude glass joints could still be made to seal well by grinding the two parts of a joint against each other using an abrasive grit, but this led to variations between joints and they would not seal well if mated to a different joint.