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  2. Lunar Laser Ranging experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging...

    This was achieved following the installation of a retroreflector array on July 21, 1969 by the crew of Apollo 11. Two more retroreflector arrays were left by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions. Successful lunar laser range measurements to the retroreflectors were first reported on Aug. 1, 1969 by the 3.1 m telescope at Lick Observatory. [9]

  3. Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Point_Observatory...

    Additional reflectors were left by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 astronauts, and two French-built reflector arrays were placed on the Moon by the Soviet Luna 17 and Luna 21 lunar rover missions. Over the years since, many groups and experiments have used this technique to study the behavior of the Earth–Moon system, investigating gravitational ...

  4. Apollo PGNCS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS

    Apollo Command Module primary guidance system components Apollo Lunar Module primary guidance system components Apollo Inertial Measurement Unit. The Apollo primary guidance, navigation, and control system (PGNCS, pronounced pings) was a self-contained inertial guidance system that allowed Apollo spacecraft to carry out their missions when communications with Earth were interrupted, either as ...

  5. Laser Ranging Retroreflector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroreflector

    The Apollo 11 LRRR was deployed on the lunar surface by the Apollo 11 astronaut, Buzz Aldrin, on July 21, 1969. The package was deployed approximately 60 feet (18 m) from Lunar Module Eagle . [ 5 ] Aldrin initially aligned the face of the array in an approximate fashion so that it faced the Earth, with more precise alignment provided by a ...

  6. Unified S-band - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_S-band

    The Unified S-band (USB) system is a tracking and communication system developed for the Apollo program by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It operated in the S band portion of the microwave spectrum, unifying voice communications, television , telemetry , command , tracking and ranging into a single system to save size and weight ...

  7. Transposition, docking, and extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition,_docking...

    Transposition, docking, and extraction (often abbreviated to transposition and docking) was a maneuver performed during Apollo lunar landing missions from 1969 to 1972, to withdraw the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) from its adapter housing which secured it to the Saturn V launch vehicle upper stage and protected it from the aerodynamic stresses of launch.

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  9. Apollo Docking Mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Docking_Mechanism

    The docking mechanism of the Apollo was a "probe and drogue" system designed to allow the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) to dock with the Apollo Lunar Module.The same system was later used for the Skylab 2, Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 CSMs to dock with the Skylab space station, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project CSM to dock with a Docking Module adapter which allowed docking with the Soyuz 19 ...