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Symbols are used to represent geographic phenomena, which exist in, and are represented by, a variety of spatial forms. Different kinds of symbols are used to portray different spatial forms. [1] Phenomena can be categorized a number of ways, but two are most relevant to symbology: ontological form and dimensionality.
A Prussian milestone c. 1836, reading "II MEILEN BIS BERLIN" ("two miles to Berlin").. The first direction signs were milestones on the Roman road network; finding one's location on the long, straight roads was difficult, and hence, large stones were placed at intervals along the roads, giving the distance in Roman miles to nearby major cities, and usually to the capitals of major provinces.
The software that is commonly used to create maps, including both geographic information systems and graphic design programs, provide a number of options for creating, editing, and storing the hundreds or even thousands of labels in a map. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages for particular situations.
11th edition of the MUTCD, published December 2023. In the United States, road signs are, for the most part, standardized by federal regulations, most notably in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and its companion volume the Standard Highway Signs (SHS).
In contrast, the New Brunswick, Jacques-Cartier, and Champlain bridges, in Montreal (as well as some parts in the West Island), use both English and French, and a number of other provinces and states, such as Ontario, Manitoba, and Vermont use bilingual French–English signs in certain localities. Mexico uses Spanish.
The design of mandatory signs varies widely, since the MUTCD does not specify their use. [15] Rather, the MUTCD's equivalent are classified as regulatory signs. Some countries use simple arrows with the text "ONLY" or its equivalent underneath. This is the US and Australian standard. Some countries use European-style white-on-blue circular signs.
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Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.