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New data types defined: DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL, BIT string, VARCHAR strings, and NATIONAL CHARACTER strings. Support for additional character sets beyond the base requirement for representing SQL statements. New scalar operations such as string concatenation and substring extraction, date and time mathematics, and conditional statements.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Spark Core is the foundation of the overall project. It provides distributed task dispatching, scheduling, and basic I/O functionalities, exposed through an application programming interface (for Java, Python, Scala, .NET [16] and R) centered on the RDD abstraction (the Java API is available for other JVM languages, but is also usable for some other non-JVM languages that can connect to the ...
MySQL Workbench is the first MySQL family of products that offer two different editions - an open source and a proprietary edition. [31] The "Community Edition" is a full featured product that is not crippled in any way. Being the foundation for all other editions it will benefit from all future development efforts.
As of MySQL 8.0.28, released in January 2022, the functions FROM_UNIXTIME(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), and CONVERT_TZ() handle 64-bit values on platforms that support them. This includes 64-bit versions of Linux, macOS, and Windows. [32] [33] In older versions, built-in functions like UNIX_TIMESTAMP() will return 0 after 03:14:07 UTC on 19 January 2038 ...
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In this case, if the transaction's timestamp is after the object's read timestamp, the read timestamp is set to the transaction's timestamp. If a transaction wants to write to an object, but the transaction started before the object's read timestamp it means that something has had a look at the object, and we assume it took a copy of the object ...