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Fault (geology) Satellite image of a fault in the Taklamakan Desert. The two colorful ridges (at bottom left and top right) used to form a single continuous line, but have been split apart by movement along the fault. In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant ...
Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust. Large areas of bedrock are broken up into blocks by faults. Blocks are characterized by relatively uniform lithology. The largest of these fault blocks are called crustal blocks.
Anderson's theory of faulting, devised by Ernest Masson Anderson in 1905, is a way of classifying geological faults by use of principal stress. [1][2] A fault is a fracture in the surface of the Earth that occurs when rocks break under extreme stress. [3] Movement of rock along the fracture occurs in faults.
The latter fault scarp (white line at the base of the tan hills) was formed in the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake. A fault scarp is a small step-like offset of the ground surface in which one side of a fault has shifted vertically in relation to the other. [1][2] The topographic expression of fault scarps results from the differential erosion of ...
Escarpment. An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively level areas having different elevations. The terms scarp and scarp face are often used interchangeably with escarpment. [citation needed] Some sources differentiate the two terms, with escarpment referring to the ...
Horst and graben. In geology, horst and graben (or range and valley) refers to topography consisting of alternating raised and lowered fault blocks known as horsts and grabens. The features are created by normal faulting and rifting caused by crustal extension. [1] Horst and graben are formed when normal faults of opposite dip occur in pairs ...
Growth faults maturation is a long term process that takes millions of years with slip rate ranges between 0.2-1.2 millimeters per year. [4][5] It starts when sedimentary sequences are deposited on top of each other above a thick evaporite layer (fig. 2). [6] A growth fault is initiated when the evaporite layer can no longer support the ...
A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal. [1] It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a subduction zone. [2] A transform fault is a special case of a strike-slip fault that also forms a plate boundary.